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Title: Thinking Styles by Robert J. Sternberg ISBN: 0-521-65713-X Publisher: Cambridge Univ Pr (Trd) Pub. Date: 01 January, 1999 Format: Paperback Volumes: 1 List Price(USD): $22.00 |
Average Customer Rating: 5 (1 review)
Rating: 5
Summary: An informative,provocative and relevent publication.
Comment: Robert J. Sternberg is IBM Professor of Psychology and Education at Yale University. His publication, Thinking Styles, is a study of how and why homosapiens think and could be classified as interactive and reciprocal mental self-government psychology. Its major objective is to show how different thinking styles affect learning preferences and how individual abilities to learn should be recognized and respected. In so doing, Sternberg manages to criticize many accepted views on intelligence testing. These, so called, standards of the day provide only part of an answer to why people learn and perform differently. His criticism of these standards provides us an insight into the special character of his concerns. Sternberg's theory of styles differs from established intelligence and motivational evaluational technique in that he explores the possibility of mental self-government. "The basic idea of the theory of mental self-government is that the forms of government we have in the world are not coincidental. Rather, they are external reflections of what goes on in people's minds. They represent alternative ways of organizing our thinking." Sternberg's theory of mental self government is as follows, "That the kinds of governments we have in the world are not merely arbitrary and perhaps random constructions, but rather in a certain sense are mirrors of the mind. In other words, they reflect different ways in which people can organize or govern themselves. On this view, then, governments are very much extensions of individuals: They represent alternative ways in which collectivities, like individuals, can organize themselves." Societies and individuals both need governmental guidelines. With this definition in mind, Sternberg's theory of thinking styles begins with three different governmental functions, legislative, executive and judicial which he attributes to three classifications of people and how they think. Legislative style people do things their own way, executive style people are implementers, and judicial style people are evaluators. Sternberg then proceeds to four different governmental forms, Monarchic, Hierarchic, Oligarchic and Anarchic, which he attributes to people and how they think. Monarchic style people tend to be motivated by a single goal. Hierarchic people tend to be priority setters, some goals are more important. Oligarchic style people tend to be motivated by several competing goals, without priority. Anarchic style people tend to be concerned with a wide assortment of goals, which they find difficult to sort out. At this point, Sternberg presents us with four different governmental concerns, global, local, internal, and external and two governmental persuasions, liberal and conservative, which he applies to people and how they think. Global style people prefer to address large abstract issues. Local style people prefer to address detail or concrete issues. Internal style people are often more introverted. External style people are often more extroverted. The liberal style people prefer to maximize change, and the conservative style people prefer to minimize change. With his government analogy firmly in place, Sternberg enumerates fifteen points needed to understand thinking styles. I have condensed them as follows: Styles are preferences not abilities; a match between styles and abilities creates a synergy; life choices should fit styles and abilities; people have patterns not just one single style; styles vary across tasks and situations; people's preferences differ; people's stylistic flexibility's differ; styles are socialized; life span styles can very; styles are measurable; styles are teachable; styles value is variable; styles are not universal; styles are not usually good or bad, they should fit; and styles must not be confused with abilities. Sternberg then explains that the thinking styles we develop as individual-thinking styles can be influenced by four variables. These variables are culture, where and how the individual is educated; gender, different sex-different expectations; age, less or more freedom of individual choice; and parenting style, degree of strictness. These four variables can affect an individual's mental self-governmental styles such as legislative or executive, internal or external, global or local, and liberal or conservative. These variables are consistent with Sternberg's fifteen points and both are needed in order to understand his thinking styles. Sternberg has supplied us with a theory of mental self-governmental and its styles, how to understand them and how they might vary. Sternberg then explains how an educator can apply styles. He suggests that "we need to teach and assess to a variety of styles." To accomplish this end we need to use a thinking styles test, a thinking styles tasks test that measures styles via performance, a questionnaire for teachers to assess their teaching styles, and a thinking styles evaluation of each student by their teacher. Our schools need to be aware of thinking styles because schools are, more often than not, too rigid and authoritarian, and to regimented and non-creative. Our schools should be more flexible. Students and teachers would both do a better job if styles, as well as ability levels, styles, as well as intelligence, were considered. I agree, with Sternberg, that teachers could be more affective if they considered the different thinking styles of their students, that they should recognize their stylistic strengths and not try to force them to be something that they are not. We need to assist students in being what they are and becoming who they are. Dr. Sternberg's Thinking Styles, from my perspective, is informative, provocative, and relevant. An awareness of Sternberg's styles should create better educators. I have always felt uncomfortable with the limits of the intelligence quotient evaluation and other traditional forms of ability measurement. Thinking Styles resolves questions I have queried and worried about. I am convinced that students who have been considered difficult to teach, in the past and today, can only be helped by knowledge of their thinking styles.
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Title: Successful Intelligence: How Practical and Creative Intelligence Determine Success in Life by Robert J. Sternberg ISBN: 0452279062 Publisher: Plume Pub. Date: October, 1997 List Price(USD): $14.00 |
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Title: Teaching Successful Intelligence by Robert Sternberg ISBN: 0130293377 Publisher: Prentice Hall Pub. Date: 31 August, 2000 List Price(USD): $29.00 |
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Title: Practical Intelligence in Everyday Life by Robert J. Sternberg, George B. Forsythe, Jennifer Hedlund, Joseph A. Horvath, Richard K. Wagner, Wendy M. Williams, Scott A. Snook, Elena Grigorenko ISBN: 0521659582 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Pub. Date: 28 March, 2000 List Price(USD): $28.00 |
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Title: Cognitive Styles and Learning Strategies: Understanding Style Differences in Learning and Behaviour by Richard Riding, Stephen R. Rayner ISBN: 1853464805 Publisher: David Fulton Pub Pub. Date: May, 1998 List Price(USD): $29.95 |
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Title: Learning Style Questionnaire by Chris Hutcheson ISBN: 0874254841 Publisher: Human Resource Development Pr Pub. Date: 01 January, 1999 List Price(USD): $6.50 |
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